Cellulose ether
Ma cellulose ether ndi liwu lodziwika bwino lazinthu zingapo zopangidwa ndi momwe alkali cellulose ndi etherifying agent pansi pazifukwa zina. Ma cellulose a alkali amasinthidwa ndi ma etherifying agents osiyanasiyana kuti apeze ma cellulose ethers osiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi ma ionization olowa m'malo, ma cellulose ether amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: ionic (monga carboxymethyl cellulose) ndi non-ionic (monga methyl cellulose). Malinga ndi mtundu wa zolowa m'malo, cellulose ether imatha kugawidwa kukhala monoether (monga methyl cellulose) ndi ether yosakanikirana (monga hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). Malingana ndi kusungunuka kosiyanasiyana, kumatha kugawidwa m'madzi osungunuka (monga hydroxyethyl cellulose) ndi organic solvent-soluble (monga ethyl cellulose), etc. ogaŵikana mtundu nthawi yomweyo ndi padziko ankachitira anachedwa Kutha mtundu.
Limagwirira ntchito ya cellulose ether mu matope ndi motere:
(1) Pambuyo pa etha ya cellulose mumatope itasungunuka m'madzi, kugawa kogwira mtima ndi kofanana kwa zinthu za simenti m'dongosolo kumatsimikiziridwa chifukwa cha ntchito yapamtunda, ndipo cellulose ether, monga colloid yoteteza, "kukulunga" cholimba. particles ndi A wosanjikiza lubricating filimu aumbike pamwamba pake, zomwe zimapangitsa matope dongosolo khola, komanso bwino fluidity wa matope pa kusakaniza ndondomeko ndi. kusalala kwa zomangamanga.
(2) Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka mamolekyu, njira ya cellulose ether imapangitsa kuti madzi a mumatope asakhale osavuta kutaya, ndipo pang'onopang'ono amawamasula kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikupangitsa kuti matopewo azikhala ndi madzi abwino osungira komanso kugwira ntchito.
1. Methylcellulose (MC)
Thonje woyengedwa akagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alkali, cellulose ether imapangidwa kudzera muzochita zingapo ndi methane chloride ngati etherification agent. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa m'malo ndi 1.6 ~ 2.0, ndipo kusungunuka kwake kumasiyananso ndi magawo osiyanasiyana olowa m'malo. Ndi ya non-ionic cellulose ether.
(1) Methylcellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Njira yake yamadzimadzi imakhala yokhazikika pa pH = 3 ~ 12. Iwo ali ngakhale bwino ndi wowuma, guar chingamu, etc. ndi surfactants ambiri. Pamene kutentha kufika kutentha kwa gelation, gelation imachitika.
(2) Kusungidwa kwa madzi kwa methyl cellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake, kukhuthala, kukongola kwa tinthu ndi kusungunuka kwake. Nthawi zambiri, ngati kuchuluka kwake kuli kwakukulu, fineness ndi yaying'ono, ndipo mamasukidwe ake ndiakuluakulu, kuchuluka kwa kusunga madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Pakati pawo, kuchuluka kwa kuwonjezera kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kusungirako madzi, ndipo msinkhu wa viscosity suli wofanana mwachindunji ndi mlingo wa kusunga madzi. The Kusungunuka mlingo makamaka zimadalira mlingo wa padziko kusinthidwa kwa mapadi particles ndi tinthu fineness. Pakati pa ma cellulose ethers omwe ali pamwambawa, methyl cellulose ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ali ndi milingo yayikulu yosungira madzi.
(3) Kusintha kwa kutentha kudzakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa madzi osungira madzi a methyl cellulose. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kumapangitsa kuti madzi asamasungidwe kwambiri. Ngati kutentha kwa matope kupitirira 40 ° C, kusungirako madzi kwa methyl cellulose kudzachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kupanga matope.
(4) Methyl cellulose imakhudza kwambiri pomanga ndi kumamatira matope. “Kumatira” pano kukutanthauza mphamvu yomatira yomwe imamveka pakati pa chida cha wogwiritsa ntchito ndi gawo lapansi la khoma, ndiko kuti, kukana kukameta ubweya wa matope. Kumamatira kumakhala kwakukulu, kukana kukameta ubweya wa matope ndi kwakukulu, ndipo mphamvu zomwe ogwira ntchito amafunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zimakhala zazikulu, ndipo ntchito yomanga matope ndi yosauka. Methyl cellulose adhesion ali pamlingo wocheperako muzinthu za cellulose ether.
2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi mitundu ya cellulose yomwe kutulutsa kwake ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ndi cellulose yopanda ionic yosakaniza ether yopangidwa kuchokera ku thonje woyengedwa pambuyo pa alkalization, pogwiritsa ntchito propylene oxide ndi methyl chloride monga etherification agent, kupyolera muzotsatira zingapo. Mlingo wolowa m'malo nthawi zambiri ndi 1.2 ~ 2.0. Katundu wake ndi wosiyana chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa methoxyl ndi hydroxypropyl.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ozizira, ndipo imakumana ndi zovuta pakusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Koma kutentha kwake kwa gelation m'madzi otentha ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa kwa methyl cellulose. Kusungunuka m'madzi ozizira kumakhalanso bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi methyl cellulose.
(2) Kukhuthala kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumakhudzana ndi kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyulu, ndipo kukula kwake kwa molekyulu kumapangitsa kukhuthala kwamphamvu. Kutentha kumakhudzanso mamasukidwe ake, pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka, kukhuthala kumachepa. Komabe, kukhuthala kwake kwakukulu kumakhala ndi kutentha kochepa kuposa methyl cellulose. Yankho lake ndi lokhazikika likasungidwa kutentha.
(3) Kusungidwa kwa madzi kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake, kukhuthala kwake, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwake komwe kumasungira madzi pansi pa kuchuluka komweko ndikokwera kuposa kwa methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika ku asidi ndi alkali, ndipo njira yake yamadzimadzi imakhala yokhazikika pa pH = 2 ~ 12. Madzi a caustic ndi laimu sakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa ntchito yake, koma alkali amatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika ku mchere wamba, koma pamene mchere wa mchere uli wambiri, kukhuthala kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution kumawonjezeka.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose akhoza kusakaniza ndi madzi sungunuka polima mankhwala kupanga yunifolomu ndi apamwamba mamasukidwe akayendedwe njira. Monga polyvinyl mowa, wowuma ether, masamba chingamu, etc.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imakhala ndi kukana bwino kwa enzyme kuposa methylcellulose, ndipo yankho lake silingawonongeke ndi michere kuposa methylcellulose.
(7) Kumamatira kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumapangidwe amatope ndikokwera kuposa methylcellulose.
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
Amapangidwa kuchokera ku thonje loyengedwa lopangidwa ndi alkali, ndipo amachita ndi ethylene oxide ngati etherification agent pamaso pa acetone. Mlingo wolowa m'malo nthawi zambiri ndi 1.5 ~ 2.0. Ili ndi hydrophilicity yamphamvu ndipo ndiyosavuta kuyamwa chinyezi
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, koma ndizovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Yankho lake ndi khola pa kutentha popanda gelling. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu mumatope, koma kusungirako madzi kumakhala kochepa kusiyana ndi methyl cellulose.
(2) Ma cellulose a Hydroxyethyl ndi okhazikika ku acid ndi zamchere. Alkali imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake pang'ono. Kuwonongeka kwake m'madzi ndikoyipa pang'ono kuposa methyl cellulose ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. .
(3) Ma cellulose a Hydroxyethyl ali ndi ntchito yabwino yotsutsa-sag pamatope, koma amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yochepetsera simenti.
(4) Kuchita kwa hydroxyethyl cellulose yopangidwa ndi mabizinesi am'nyumba mwachiwonekere ndi yotsika kuposa ya methyl cellulose chifukwa chokhala ndi madzi ambiri komanso phulusa lalitali.
4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Ionic cellulose ether imapangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wachilengedwe (thonje, etc.) pambuyo pa mankhwala a alkali, pogwiritsa ntchito sodium monochloroacetate monga etherification wothandizira, ndikulandira chithandizo chamankhwala angapo. Mlingo wolowa m'malo nthawi zambiri ndi 0.4 ~ 1.4, ndipo magwiridwe ake amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kulowetsedwa.
(1) Carboxymethyl cellulose imakhala ndi hygroscopic, ndipo imakhala ndi madzi ambiri ikasungidwa nthawi zambiri.
(2) Carboxymethyl cellulose yamadzimadzi yothetsera sipanga gel osakaniza, ndipo mamasukidwe akayendedwe adzachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha. Kutentha kukadutsa 50 ° C, kukhuthala kwake sikungasinthe.
(3) Kukhazikika kwake kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH. Nthawi zambiri, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumatope opangidwa ndi gypsum, koma osati mumatope opangidwa ndi simenti. Zikakhala zamchere kwambiri, zimataya kukhuthala.
(4) Kusunga madzi ake ndikotsika kwambiri kuposa methyl cellulose. Imalepheretsa matope a gypsum ndipo imachepetsa mphamvu zake. Komabe, mtengo wa carboxymethyl cellulose ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa methyl cellulose.
Redispersible polima rabara ufa
Redispersible mphira ufa kukonzedwa ndi kupopera kuyanika wapadera polima emulsion. Mu ndondomeko ya processing, zoteteza colloid, odana caking wothandizira, etc. kukhala zofunika zina. Ufa wa rabara wouma ndi tinthu tating'ono tozungulira 80 ~ 100mm tasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi. Izi particles ndi sungunuka m'madzi ndi kupanga khola kubalalitsidwa pang'ono lalikulu kuposa choyambirira emulsion particles. Kubalalitsidwa uku kupanga filimu pambuyo madzi m'thupi ndi kuyanika. Kanemayu ndi wosasinthika ngati mapangidwe ambiri a emulsion filimu, ndipo sadzabalalikanso akakumana ndi madzi. Kubalalika.
Redispersible mphira ufa akhoza kugawidwa mu: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic asidi ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic asidi copolymer, etc., ndipo potengera izi, silikoni, vinilu laurate, etc. ndi kumtengowo kuti ntchito bwino. Njira zosinthira zosiyanasiyana zimapangitsa kuti ufa wa rabara wogawanikanso ukhale ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kukana madzi, kukana kwa alkali, kukana nyengo komanso kusinthasintha. Lili ndi vinyl laurate ndi silikoni, zomwe zingapangitse ufa wa rabara kukhala wabwino wa hydrophobicity. Nthambi za vinyl tertiary carbonate yokhala ndi mtengo wotsika wa Tg komanso kusinthasintha kwabwino.
Mitundu ya mphira yamtundu uwu ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pamatope, onse amakhala ndi zotsatira zochedwetsa pa nthawi yoyika simenti, koma zotsatira zochedwetsa zimakhala zochepa kusiyana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ma emulsion ofanana. Poyerekeza, styrene-butadiene imakhala ndi zotsatira zochepetsetsa kwambiri, ndipo ethylene-vinyl acetate imakhala ndi zotsatira zochepetsetsa kwambiri. Ngati mlingowo ndi wochepa kwambiri, zotsatira za kusintha kwa matope sizikuwonekera.
Ulusi wa polypropylene
Ulusi wa polypropylene umapangidwa ndi polypropylene ngati zopangira komanso kuchuluka koyenera kwa zosintha. Kutalika kwa fiber nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi ma microns 40, mphamvu yokhazikika ndi 300 ~ 400mpa, zotanuka modulus ndi ≥3500mpa, ndipo elongation yomaliza ndi 15 ~ 18%. Makhalidwe ake:
(1) Ulusi wa polypropylene umagawidwa mofanana m'magawo atatu osasunthika mumatope, ndikupanga njira yolimbikitsira maukonde. Ngati 1 kg ya polypropylene fiber iwonjezeredwa pa toni iliyonse yamatope, ulusi woposa 30 miliyoni wa monofilament ukhoza kupezeka.
(2) Kuwonjezera ulusi wa polypropylene mumtondo kumatha kuchepetsa ming'alu ya matope mu pulasitiki. Kaya ming'aluyi ikuwoneka kapena ayi. Ndipo imatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kutuluka kwa magazi komanso kukhazikika kwamatope atsopano.
(3) Pakuti matope anaumitsa thupi, polypropylene CHIKWANGWANI akhoza kwambiri kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mapindikidwe ming'alu. Ndiko kuti, pamene thupi loumitsa matope limatulutsa nkhawa chifukwa cha kusinthika, limatha kukana ndikufalitsa kupsinjika. Pamene matope owumitsa thupi ang'ambika, amatha kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa nsonga ya mng'aluyo ndikuletsa kufalikira.
(4) Kubalalika bwino kwa ulusi wa polypropylene mukupanga matope kumakhala kovuta. Kusakaniza zida, mtundu wa CHIKWANGWANI ndi mlingo, chiŵerengero cha matope ndi njira zake zonse zidzakhala zinthu zofunika zomwe zimakhudza kubalalitsidwa.
mpweya etraining wothandizira
Air-entraining agent ndi mtundu wa surfactant yemwe amatha kupanga thovu la mpweya wokhazikika mu konkriti mwatsopano kapena matope pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi. Makamaka monga: rosin ndi ma polima ake matenthedwe, surfactants sanali ionic, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, zidulo carboxylic ndi mchere wawo, etc.
Ma air-entraining agents nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matope opaka pulasitala ndi matope amiyala. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa mpweya-entraining wothandizira, kusintha kwina kwa ntchito yamatope kudzabweretsedwa.
(1) Chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa thovu la mpweya, kumasuka ndi kupanga matope osakaniza atsopano akhoza kuwonjezeka, ndipo kutaya magazi kungachepe.
(2) Kungogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wolowetsa mpweya kumachepetsa mphamvu ndi kusungunuka kwa nkhungu mumatope. Ngati wothandizira mpweya ndi wochepetsera madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito palimodzi, ndipo chiŵerengerocho chiri choyenera, mphamvu ya mphamvu sichidzachepa.
(3) Ikhoza kusintha kwambiri kukana kwa chisanu kwa matope owuma, kumapangitsa kuti matopewo asawonongeke, komanso kuti asawonongeke ndi matope owuma.
(4) Wothandizira mpweya wowonjezera mpweya adzawonjezera mpweya wa matope, zomwe zidzawonjezera kuchepa kwa matope, ndipo mtengo wa shrinkage ukhoza kuchepetsedwa moyenera powonjezera madzi ochepetsera.
Popeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya-entraining wothandizila anawonjezera ndi kochepa kwambiri, kawirikawiri amawerengera ochepa zikwi khumi za kuchuluka kwa simenti zipangizo, ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti molondola metered ndi kusakaniza mu kupanga matope; zinthu monga kusonkhezera njira ndi nthawi yosonkhezera zidzakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Choncho, pansi pa zochitika zapakhomo zamakono ndi zomangamanga, kuwonjezera othandizira mpweya kumatope kumafuna ntchito yoyesera.
oyambirira mphamvu wothandizira
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zoyamba za konkire ndi matope, sulphate mphamvu zoyamba zoyambira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka kuphatikiza sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, aluminium sulphate ndi potaziyamu aluminium sulphate.
Nthawi zambiri, anhydrous sodium sulfate amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo mlingo wake ndi wochepa komanso zotsatira za mphamvu zoyamba ndizabwino, koma ngati mlingowo ndi waukulu kwambiri, umayambitsa kufalikira ndi kusweka pambuyo pake, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kubwereranso zamchere. zidzachitika, zomwe zidzakhudza maonekedwe ndi zotsatira za nsalu yokongoletsera pamwamba.
Calcium formate ndi yabwino antifreeze wothandizira. Lili ndi zotsatira zabwino zoyamba za mphamvu, zotsatira zochepa, zogwirizana ndi zosakaniza zina, ndi katundu wambiri kuposa sulphate oyambirira mphamvu zowonjezera, koma mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba.
antifreeze
Ngati matope agwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha koipa, ngati palibe njira zoletsa kuzizira, kuwonongeka kwa chisanu kudzachitika ndipo mphamvu ya thupi lolimba idzawonongedwa. Antifreeze imalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa kuzizira kuchokera ku njira ziwiri zopewera kuzizira komanso kukonza mphamvu yoyambirira ya matope.
Pakati pa antifreeze agents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, calcium nitrite ndi sodium nitrite ali ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za antifreeze. Popeza kuti calcium nitrite ilibe potaziyamu ndi ayoni wa sodium, imatha kuchepetsa kuphatikizika kwa alkali ikagwiritsidwa ntchito mu konkriti, koma kugwira ntchito kwake kumakhala koyipa pang'ono ikagwiritsidwa ntchito mumatope, pomwe sodium nitrite imakhala yabwinoko. Antifreeze imagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizana ndi choyambirira mphamvu ndi chochepetsera madzi kuti mupeze zotsatira zokhutiritsa. Pamene matope osakaniza owuma ndi antifreeze amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri, kutentha kwa osakaniza kuyenera kuwonjezeka moyenerera, monga kusakaniza ndi madzi ofunda.
Ngati kuchuluka kwa antifreeze ndikokwera kwambiri, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya matope pambuyo pake, ndipo pamwamba pa matope owumitsa pamakhala mavuto monga kubwerera kwa alkali, zomwe zingakhudze mawonekedwe ndi zotsatira za kusanjikiza kwapamwamba. .
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-16-2023