Dry powder mortar ndi matope osakaniza a polima kapena ufa wowuma wopangidwa ndi matope.Ndi mtundu wa simenti ndi gypsum monga maziko azinthu zazikulu.Malingana ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zomangamanga, zowuma za ufa wowuma ndi zowonjezera zimawonjezedwa mu gawo linalake.Ndizitsulo zomangira matope zomwe zingathe kusakanikirana mofanana, kutumizidwa kumalo omangapo m'matumba kapena zambiri, ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji mutatha kuwonjezera madzi.
Zinthu zodziwika bwino za matope a ufa wowuma zimaphatikizapo zomatira zomatira za ufa wowuma, zokutira pakhoma la ufa wowuma, matope owuma pakhoma, konkire ya ufa wowuma, ndi zina.
Dothi la ufa wowuma nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi zigawo zitatu: binder, aggregate, ndi zowonjezera matope.
Zopangira zopangidwa ndi dothi la ufa wowuma:
1. Zomangira matope
(1) Zomatira za Inorganic:
Zomata zamkati zimaphatikizapo simenti wamba ya Portland, simenti yayikulu ya alumina, simenti yapadera, gypsum, anhydrite, ndi zina zambiri.
(2) Zomatira zakuthupi:
Organic zomatira makamaka amatanthauza redispersible latex ufa, umene ndi powdery polima wopangidwa ndi olondola kutsitsi kuyanika (ndi kusankha zoyenera zina) wa polima emulsion.The youma polima ufa ndi madzi kukhala emulsion.Zitha kukhala opanda madzi m'thupi kachiwiri, kotero kuti polima particles kupanga polima thupi dongosolo mu matope simenti, amene ali ofanana ndi polima emulsion ndondomeko, ndi mbali mu kusintha matope simenti.
Malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, kusinthidwa kwa matope owuma a ufa ndi ufa wopangidwa ndi polima wopangidwanso kumatha kusintha mphamvu zomangira ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, ndikuwongolera kusinthasintha, kupunduka, mphamvu yopindika ndi kuvala kukana kwamatope, kulimba, kulumikizana ndi kachulukidwe komanso kusunga madzi. mphamvu ndi kumanga.
The redispersible latex ufa wa youma mix matope makamaka mitundu iyi: ① styrene-butadiene copolymer;② styrene-acrylic asidi copolymer;③ vinilu acetate copolymer;④ polyacrylate homopolymer;⑤ Styrene Acetate Copolymer;⑥ Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene Copolymer.
2. Kuphatikiza:
Aggregate imagawidwa kukhala coarse aggregate ndi fine aggregate.Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zopangira konkriti.Imakhala ngati chigoba ndipo imachepetsa kusintha kwa voliyumu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa ndi kutupa kwa zinthu za simenti panthawi yokhazikitsa ndi kuumitsa, komanso imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chodzaza chotsika mtengo cha zinthu za simenti.Pali zachilengedwe aggregates ndi yokumba aggregates, zakale monga miyala, timiyala, pumice, zachilengedwe mchenga, etc.;zomalizira monga cinder, slag, ceramsite, perlite yowonjezera, ndi zina zotero.
3. Zowonjezera zamatope
(1) Cellulose ether:
Mu matope owuma, kuchuluka kwa cellulose ether kumakhala kochepa kwambiri (nthawi zambiri 0.02% -0.7%), koma kumatha kusintha kwambiri ntchito yamatope, ndipo ndi chowonjezera chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza ntchito yomanga matope.
Mu matope owuma a ufa, chifukwa ma ionic cellulose ndi osakhazikika pamaso pa ayoni a calcium, sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri muzinthu zouma za ufa zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito simenti, laimu wa slaked, etc. monga cementing zipangizo.Hydroxyethyl cellulose imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zina za ufa wouma, koma gawolo ndi laling'ono kwambiri.
Ma cellulose ethers omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumatope owuma a ufa ndi makamaka hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC) ndi hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ether (HPMC), yotchedwa MC.
Makhalidwe a MC: Kumamatira ndi kumanga ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimakhudzana;kusungirako madzi, kupewa kutuluka kwamadzi mwachangu, kotero kuti makulidwe a matope osanjikiza amatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri.
(2) anti-crack fiber
Sichiyambi cha anthu amakono kusakaniza ulusi mumatope monga anti-crack reinforcement.Kale, makolo athu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wachilengedwe monga zida zolimbikitsira zomangira zina, monga kusakaniza ulusi wa mbewu ndi matope a laimu kuti amange Makachisi ndi maholo, kugwiritsa ntchito silika wa hemp ndi matope kuumba ziboliboli za Buddha, kugwiritsa ntchito udzu wa tirigu ndi matope achikasu. kumanga nyumba, kugwiritsa ntchito tsitsi laumunthu ndi la nyama kukonza malo otenthetsera moto, kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa zamkati, laimu, ndi gypsum kupenta makoma ndi kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana za gypsum, ndi zina zotero.Kuwonjeza ulusi muzinthu zoyambira simenti kuti mupange zopangira simenti zolimba ndi nkhani yazaka makumi angapo zapitazi.
Zogulitsa za simenti, zigawo kapena nyumba zidzatulutsa ma microcracks ambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa microstructure ndi voliyumu panthawi yowumitsa simenti, ndipo zidzakula ndi kusintha kwa kuyanika, kusintha kwa kutentha, ndi katundu wakunja.Zikapangidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja, ulusiwo umathandizira kuchepetsa komanso kulepheretsa kukula kwa ming'alu yaying'ono.Ulusiwu ndi wowoloka komanso wa isotropic, umawononga ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika, umalepheretsa kufalikira kwa ming'alu, ndipo umathandizira kutsekereza ming'alu.
Kuwonjezera kwa ulusi kungapangitse matope osakaniza owuma kukhala ndi khalidwe lapamwamba, ntchito yapamwamba, mphamvu zambiri, kukana ming'alu, kusasunthika, kuphulika, kuphulika, kukana mphamvu, kukana kuzizira, kukana kuvala, kukana kukalamba ndi ntchito zina.
(3) Njira yochepetsera madzi
Madzi ochepetsera ndi kuphatikiza konkriti komwe kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi osakaniza ndikusunga kutsika kwa konkire kosasinthika.Ambiri a iwo ndi anionic surfactants, monga lignosulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde polima, etc. Pambuyo anawonjezera kusakaniza konkire, akhoza kumwazikana particles simenti, kusintha workability wake, kuchepetsa unit madzi kumwa, kusintha fluidity wa osakaniza konkire;kapena kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito simenti ndi kusunga simenti.
Malinga ndi kuchepetsa ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya madzi kuchepetsa wothandizila, amagawidwa mu wamba madzi kuchepetsa wothandizila (wotchedwanso plasticizer, madzi kuchepetsa mlingo si zosakwana 8%, akuimiridwa ndi lignosulfonate), mkulu-mwachangu kuchepetsa madzi wothandizila. (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti superplasticizer) Plasticizer, madzi ochepetsera madzi ndi osachepera 14%, kuphatikizapo naphthalene, melamine, sulfamate, aliphatic, etc.) asidi Imaimiridwa ndi superplasticizer), ndipo imagawidwa m'mitundu yoyambirira yamphamvu, mtundu wokhazikika ndi mtundu wocheperako.
Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, nthawi zambiri amagawidwa kukhala: superplasticizers ya lignosulfonate, superplasticizers ya naphthalene, superplasticizers ya melamine, sulfamate-based superplasticizers, ndi mafuta acid-based superplasticizers.Zopangira madzi, polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsera madzi mumatope a ufa wowuma kuli ndi izi: kudziyimira pawokha simenti, gypsum self-leveling, matope opaka pulasitala, matope osalowa madzi, putty, etc.
Kusankhidwa kwa wothandizira kuchepetsa madzi kuyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zopangira ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamatope.
(4) Wowuma etha
Wowuma ether makamaka ntchito zomangamanga matope, amene angakhudze kusasinthasintha matope zochokera gypsum, simenti ndi laimu, ndi kusintha kumanga ndi sag kukana matope.Ma ethers owuma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ma cellulose ether omwe sanasinthidwe komanso osinthidwa.Ndizoyenera kuzinthu zonse zopanda ndale komanso zamchere, ndipo zimagwirizana ndi zowonjezera zambiri muzinthu za gypsum ndi simenti (monga ma surfactants, MC, starch ndi polyvinyl acetate ndi ma polima ena osungunuka m'madzi).
Makhalidwe a wowuma ether makamaka amakhala mu: kukulitsa kukana kwa sag;kukonza zomangamanga;kupititsa patsogolo zokolola zamatope, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka: matope opangidwa ndi manja kapena makina opopera pogwiritsa ntchito simenti ndi gypsum, caulk ndi zomatira;zomatira matailosi;zomangamanga Mangani matope.
Chidziwitso: Mlingo wanthawi zonse wa starch ether mumatope ndi 0.01-0.1%.
(5) Zowonjezera zina:
The mpweya-entraining wothandizila anayambitsa ambiri uniformly anagawira yaying'ono thovu pa kusakaniza ndondomeko matope, amene amachepetsa kukangana pamwamba pa matope kusakaniza madzi, potero kumabweretsa kubalalitsidwa bwino ndi kuchepetsa magazi ndi tsankho la matope-konkire. kusakaniza.Zowonjezera, makamaka mafuta Sodium sulfonate ndi sodium sulphate, mlingo ndi 0.005-0.02%.
Ma retarders amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu matope a gypsum ndi ma gypsum-based joint fillers.Ndi makamaka zipatso asidi mchere, kawirikawiri anawonjezera mu kuchuluka kwa 0,05% -0.25%.
Mankhwala a Hydrophobic (zothamangitsira madzi) amalepheretsa madzi kulowa mumatope, pomwe matope amakhalabe otseguka kuti nthunzi yamadzi ifalikire.Mafuta a Hydrophobic polymer redispersible amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Defoamer, kuti athandize kumasula thovu la mpweya lomwe limapangidwa ndikupangidwa panthawi yosakaniza matope ndi kumanga, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zopondereza, kusintha malo, mlingo wa 0.02-0.5%.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-09-2023