1. Kufunika kosunga madzi
Maziko amitundu yonse omwe amafunikira matope kuti amange amakhala ndi mayamwidwe ena amadzi. Pambuyo wosanjikiza m'munsi chimatenga madzi mumtondo, constructability matope adzawonongeka, ndipo zikavuta, zinthu cementitious mu matope sadzakhala mokwanira hydrated, chifukwa mphamvu otsika, makamaka mawonekedwe mphamvu pakati pa matope owuma. ndi gawo loyambira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matope ang'ambe ndikugwa. Ngati pulasitala matope ali ndi ntchito yoyenera yosungiramo madzi, sizingangowonjezera bwino ntchito yomanga matope, komanso zimapangitsa kuti madzi a mumatope akhale ovuta kutengeka ndi gawo la pansi ndikuonetsetsa kuti simentiyo imakhala yokwanira.
2. Mavuto ndi njira zachikhalidwe zosungira madzi
Njira yachikhalidwe ndiyo kuthirira maziko, koma sizingatheke kuonetsetsa kuti mazikowo ndi onyowa mofanana. Cholinga chabwino cha hydration cha matope a simenti pamunsi ndikuti mankhwala a simenti amadzimadzi amatenga madzi pamodzi ndi maziko, amalowa m'munsi, ndikupanga "kulumikizana kwakukulu" kothandiza ndi maziko, kuti akwaniritse mphamvu zomangira zofunika. Kuthirira molunjika pamwamba pa m'munsi kungayambitse kubalalitsidwa kwakukulu mu kuyamwa kwamadzi m'munsi chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha, nthawi yothirira, ndi kuthirira mofanana. Pansi pake imakhala ndi mayamwidwe ochepa amadzi ndipo idzapitirizabe kuyamwa madzi mumatope. Simenti ya simenti isanapitirire, madzi amatengedwa, zomwe zimakhudza simenti ya hydration ndi kulowa kwa mankhwala a hydration mu matrix; tsinde lake lili ndi mayamwidwe aakulu amadzi, ndipo madzi a mumtondo amayenda pansi. Kuthamanga kwapakatikati kumayenda pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ngakhale wosanjikiza wochuluka wa madzi umapangidwa pakati pa matope ndi matrix, zomwe zimakhudzanso mphamvu ya mgwirizano. Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito wamba m'munsi madzi njira osati kulephera mogwira kuthetsa vuto la mayamwidwe mkulu madzi a pakhoma m'munsi, koma zidzakhudza kugwirizana mphamvu pakati matope ndi m'munsi, chifukwa hollowing ndi akulimbana.
3. Zofunikira zamatope osiyanasiyana posungira madzi
Mlingo wosunga madzi opangira pulasitala wamatope omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudera linalake komanso m'malo omwe ali ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi chofanana ndi zomwe zaperekedwa pansipa.
①Kuyamwa kwakukulu kwamadzi pansi pamadzi pulasitala matope
Mayamwidwe am'madzi apamwamba omwe amaimiridwa ndi konkriti yopangidwa ndi mpweya, kuphatikiza matabwa osiyanasiyana opepuka opepuka, midadada, ndi zina zambiri, ali ndi mawonekedwe amayamwidwe akulu komanso kutalika kwanthawi yayitali. Dongo lopaka pulasitala lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pansanjika yotereyi liyenera kusunga madzi osachepera 88%.
②Madzi otsika mayamwidwe pansi pa pulasitala matope
Mayamwidwe amadzi otsika omwe amaimiridwa ndi konkriti, kuphatikiza matabwa a polystyrene otchingira khoma, ndi zina zambiri, amakhala ndi mayamwidwe ochepa. Dongo lopaka pulasitala lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pagawo loterolo liyenera kukhala ndi madzi osungira osachepera 88%.
③Dongo lopaka utoto wopyapyala
Kupaka pulasitala kumatanthawuza kupanga pulasitala yokhala ndi makulidwe apakati pa 3 ndi 8 mm. Mtundu uwu wa pulasitala yomanga ndi yosavuta kutaya chinyontho chifukwa chopopera chosanjikiza, chomwe chimakhudza kugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu. Kwa matope omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto woterewu, kuchuluka kwake kosungira madzi sikuchepera 99%.
④Dongo lopaka utoto wokhuthala
Kupaka pulasitala kumatanthauza kupanga pulasitala komwe makulidwe a nsanjika imodzi amakhala pakati pa 8mm ndi 20mm. Mtundu uwu wa pulasitala yomanga sikophweka kutaya madzi chifukwa cha pulasitiki wandiweyani, kotero kuti madzi osungira madzi a matope opaka sikuyenera kukhala osachepera 88%.
⑤Putty wosamva madzi
Putty wosamva madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pulasitala yopyapyala kwambiri, ndipo makulidwe ake onse amakhala pakati pa 1 ndi 2mm. Zida zoterezi zimafuna katundu wosungira madzi kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimagwira ntchito komanso mphamvu zawo zomangira. Pazinthu za putty, kuchuluka kwake kosungira madzi kuyenera kukhala kosachepera 99%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa madzi a putty kumakoma akunja kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kuposa kwa putty kumakoma amkati.
4. Mitundu ya zinthu zosungira madzi
Cellulose ether
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Wowuma ether
1) Kusinthidwa wowuma ether
2) Chotsani ether
Madzi osungira madzi amchere osinthidwa (montmorillonite, bentonite, etc.)
Chachisanu, zotsatirazi zikuyang'ana pa machitidwe a zipangizo zosiyanasiyana
1. Ma cellulose ether
1.1 Chidule cha Cellulose Ether
Cellulose ether ndi mawu wamba pa mndandanda wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi momwe alkali cellulose ndi etherification agent nthawi zina. Ma cellulose ethers osiyanasiyana amapezedwa chifukwa ulusi wa alkali umasinthidwa ndi ma etherification osiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi ma ionization olowa m'malo mwake, ma cellulose ether amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: ionic, monga carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ndi nonionic, monga methyl cellulose (MC).
Malinga ndi mitundu ya zolowa m'malo, ma cellulose ether amatha kugawidwa kukhala ma monoethers, monga methyl cellulose ether (MC), ndi ma ether osakanikirana, monga hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). Malinga ndi zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasungunuka, zimatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: kusungunuka kwamadzi ndi organic solvent-soluble.
1.2 Mitundu yayikulu ya cellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), digiri yothandiza yolowa m'malo: 0.4-1.4; etherification wothandizira, monooxyacetic acid; kusungunula zosungunulira, madzi;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), digiri yeniyeni ya m'malo: 0.7-1.0; etherification wothandizira, monooxyacetic asidi, ethylene okusayidi; kusungunula zosungunulira, madzi;
Methylcellulose (MC), digiri yothandiza yolowa m'malo: 1.5-2.4; etherification wothandizira, methyl chloride; kusungunula zosungunulira, madzi;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), digiri yeniyeni ya m'malo: 1.3-3.0; etherification wothandizira, ethylene oxide; kusungunula zosungunulira, madzi;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), digiri yothandiza m'malo: 1.5-2.0; etherification wothandizira, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride; kusungunula zosungunulira, madzi;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), digiri yothandiza yolowa m'malo: 2.5-3.5; etherification wothandizira, propylene oxide; kusungunula zosungunulira, madzi;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), digiri yeniyeni ya m'malo: 1.5-2.0; etherification wothandizira, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; kusungunula zosungunulira, madzi;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), digiri yothandiza yolowa m'malo: 2.3-2.6; etherification wothandizira, monochloroethane; kusungunula zosungunulira, organic zosungunulira;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), digiri yeniyeni ya m'malo: 2.4-2.8; etherification wothandizira, monochloroethane, ethylene okusayidi; kusungunula zosungunulira, organic zosungunulira;
1.3 Makhalidwe a cellulose
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Yankho lake lamadzi ndi lokhazikika pamtundu wa PH = 3-12. Iwo ali ngakhale zabwino ndi wowuma, guar chingamu, etc. ndi surfactants ambiri. Pamene kutentha kufika kutentha kwa gelation, gelation imachitika.
②Kusungidwa kwa madzi kwa methylcellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake, kukhuthala, kukongola kwa tinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka. Nthawi zambiri, ngati kuchuluka kwake kuli kwakukulu, fineness ndi yaying'ono, ndipo mamasukidwe ake ndi akulu, kusungirako madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Pakati pawo, kuchuluka kwa kuwonjezereka kumakhudza kwambiri kusungirako madzi, ndipo kukhuthala kotsika kwambiri sikuli kofanana mwachindunji ndi mlingo wa kusunga madzi. The Kusungunuka mlingo makamaka zimadalira mlingo wa padziko kusinthidwa kwa mapadi particles ndi tinthu fineness. Pakati pa ma cellulose ethers, methyl cellulose imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi osungira.
③Kusintha kwa kutentha kudzakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kusunga madzi kwa methyl cellulose. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwapamwamba kumapangitsa kuti madzi asungidwe kwambiri. Ngati kutentha kwa matope kupitirira 40 ° C, kusungidwa kwa madzi kwa methyl cellulose kudzakhala koipa kwambiri, zomwe zidzakhudza kwambiri kumanga matope.
④ Methyl cellulose imakhudza kwambiri kupanga ndi kumamatira kwamatope. “Kumatira” pano kukutanthauza mphamvu yomatira yomwe imamveka pakati pa chida cha wogwiritsa ntchito ndi gawo lapansi la khoma, ndiko kuti, kukana kukameta ubweya wa matope. Zomatira ndizokwera, kumeta ubweya wa matope ndi kwakukulu, ndipo ogwira ntchito amafunika mphamvu zambiri panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo ntchito yomanga matope imakhala yosauka. Methyl cellulose adhesion ali pamlingo wocheperako muzinthu za cellulose ether.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi fiber yomwe kutulutsa kwake ndikugwiritsa ntchito kukuchulukirachulukira m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Ndi cellulose yopanda ionic yosakanikirana ndi ether yopangidwa kuchokera ku thonje woyengedwa pambuyo pa alkalization, pogwiritsa ntchito propylene oxide ndi methyl chloride monga etherification agents, komanso kupyolera muzotsatira zingapo. Mlingo wolowa m'malo nthawi zambiri ndi 1.5-2.0. Katundu wake ndi wosiyana chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa methoxyl ndi hydroxypropyl. Zambiri za methoxyl ndi zochepa za hydroxypropyl, ntchitoyo ili pafupi ndi methyl cellulose; otsika methoxyl zili ndi mkulu hydroxypropyl, ntchito ali pafupi hydroxypropyl mapadi.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ozizira, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Koma kutentha kwake kwa gelation m'madzi otentha ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa kwa methyl cellulose. Kusungunuka m'madzi ozizira kumakhalanso bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi methyl cellulose.
② Kukhuthala kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumakhudzana ndi kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyulu, ndipo kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyu kumakwera kwambiri. Kutentha kumakhudzanso kukhuthala kwake, pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka, kukhuthala kumachepa. Koma kukhuthala kwake sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kuposa methyl cellulose. Yankho lake ndi lokhazikika likasungidwa kutentha.
③Kusungidwa kwa madzi kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kumadalira kuchuluka kwake, kukhuthala kwake, ndi zina zambiri, komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amasungidwa pamlingo womwewo ndi wapamwamba kuposa wa methyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika ku asidi ndi alkali, ndipo njira yake yamadzimadzi imakhala yokhazikika pamtundu wa PH = 2-12. Madzi a caustic ndi laimu sakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa ntchito yake, koma alkali amatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake pang'ono. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi yokhazikika ku mchere wamba, koma pamene mchere wa mchere uli wambiri, kukhuthala kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution kumawonjezeka.
⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imatha kusakanikirana ndi ma polima osungunuka ndi madzi kuti apange njira yofananira komanso yowonekera yokhala ndi kukhuthala kwapamwamba. Monga polyvinyl mowa, wowuma ether, masamba chingamu, etc.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imakhala ndi kukana bwino kwa enzyme kuposa methylcellulose, ndipo yankho lake silingawonongeke ndi michere kuposa methylcellulose.
⑦Kumamatira kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose pakupanga matope ndikokwera kuposa methylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
Amapangidwa kuchokera ku thonje loyengedwa lopangidwa ndi alkali, ndipo amachita ndi ethylene oxide ngati etherification agent pamaso pa acetone. Mlingo wolowa m'malo nthawi zambiri ndi 1.5-2.0. Ili ndi hydrophilicity yamphamvu ndipo ndiyosavuta kuyamwa chinyezi.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose imasungunuka m'madzi ozizira, koma ndizovuta kusungunuka m'madzi otentha. Yankho lake ndi khola pa kutentha popanda gelling. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu mumatope, koma kusungirako madzi kumakhala kochepa kusiyana ndi methyl cellulose.
②Ma cellulose a Hydroxyethyl ndi okhazikika ku acid ndi alkali. Alkali imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka kwake ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala kwake pang'ono. Kuwonongeka kwake m'madzi ndikoyipa pang'ono kuposa methyl cellulose ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Ma cellulose a Hydroxyethyl ali ndi ntchito yabwino yotsutsa-sag pamatope, koma amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yochepetsera simenti.
④Kachitidwe ka hydroxyethyl cellulose yopangidwa ndi mabizinesi apanyumba mwachiwonekere ndi yotsika kuposa ya methyl cellulose chifukwa chokhala ndi madzi ambiri komanso phulusa lalitali.
1.3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) imapangidwa ndi ulusi wachilengedwe (thonje, hemp, ndi zina zotero) pambuyo pa mankhwala a alkali, pogwiritsa ntchito sodium monochloroacetate monga etherification agent, ndi kuchitidwa mankhwala angapo kuti apange ionic cellulose ether. Mlingo wolowa m'malo nthawi zambiri ndi 0.4-1.4, ndipo magwiridwe ake amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa m'malo.
①Carboxymethyl cellulose imakhala ndi hygroscopic, ndipo imakhala ndi madzi ambiri ikasungidwa nthawi zambiri.
② Hydroxymethyl cellulose amadzimadzi yankho sipanga gel osakaniza, ndipo mamasukidwe akayendedwe adzachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha. Kutentha kupitilira 50 ℃, kukhuthala kwake sikungasinthe.
③ Kukhazikika kwake kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH. Nthawi zambiri, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumatope opangidwa ndi gypsum, koma osati mumatope opangidwa ndi simenti. Zikakhala zamchere kwambiri, zimataya kukhuthala.
④ Kusungirako madzi ndikotsika kwambiri kuposa methyl cellulose. Imalepheretsa matope a gypsum ndipo imachepetsa mphamvu zake. Komabe, mtengo wa carboxymethyl cellulose ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa methyl cellulose.
2. Kusinthidwa wowuma ether
Ma ethers owuma omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumatope amasinthidwa kuchokera ku ma polima achilengedwe a ma polysaccharides. Monga mbatata, chimanga, chinangwa, nyemba, ndi zina zambiri zimasinthidwa kukhala ma ether osiyanasiyana osinthidwa. Ma etha wowuma omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumatope ndi hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, etc.
Nthawi zambiri, ma ethers osinthidwa kuchokera ku mbatata, chimanga, ndi chinangwa amakhala ndi madzi otsika kwambiri kuposa ma cellulose ethers. Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwake kosiyana, kumawonetsa kukhazikika kosiyana kwa asidi ndi alkali. Zogulitsa zina ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumatope opangidwa ndi gypsum, pomwe zina sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mumatope opangidwa ndi simenti. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa wowuma ether mumatope kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati thickener kuti apititse patsogolo anti-sagging katundu wa matope, kuchepetsa kumamatira kwa matope onyowa, ndikutalikitsa nthawi yotsegula.
Ma ethers owuma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mapadi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zizikhala zothandiza komanso zabwino zazinthu ziwirizi. Popeza kuti mankhwala a starch ether ndi otchipa kwambiri kuposa ether cellulose, kugwiritsa ntchito starch ether mumatope kudzachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wa mapangidwe amatope.
3. Guar chingamu ether
Guar chingamu ether ndi mtundu wa etherified polysaccharide yokhala ndi zinthu zapadera, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuchokera ku nyemba zamafuta achilengedwe. Makamaka kudzera mukuchita kwa etherification pakati pa guar chingamu ndi magulu ogwira ntchito a acrylic, kapangidwe kamene kali ndi 2-hydroxypropyl magulu ogwira ntchito amapangidwa, omwe ndi mawonekedwe a polygalactomannose.
①Poyerekeza ndi cellulose ether, guar gum ether ndiyosavuta kusungunuka m'madzi. PH kwenikweni ilibe mphamvu pakuchita kwa guar gum ether.
②Pansi pa kukhuthala kotsika komanso kutsika kwa mlingo, chingamu cha guar chingalowe m'malo mwa cellulose ether mulingo wofanana, ndipo chimakhala ndi madzi osungiramo madzi. Koma kusasinthasintha, anti-sag, thixotropy ndi zina mwachiwonekere bwino.
③ Pansi pa kukhuthala kwakukulu ndi mlingo waukulu, chingamu cha guar sichingalowe m'malo mwa cellulose ether, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosakanikirana kwa ziwirizi kumatulutsa ntchito yabwino.
④Kugwiritsa ntchito guar chingamu mumatope opangidwa ndi gypsum kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kumamatira pakumanga ndikupangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yosavuta. Zilibe zotsatira zoyipa pakuyika nthawi ndi mphamvu ya matope a gypsum.
⑤ Pamene chingamu cha guar chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyala yopangidwa ndi simenti ndi pulasitala matope, amatha m'malo mwa cellulose etere mulingo wofanana, ndikupatsanso matopewo ndi kukana bwino, thixotropy ndi kusalala kwa zomangamanga.
⑥Mumtondo wokhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi osungira, guar chingamu ndi cellulose ether zimagwira ntchito limodzi kuti zitheke.
⑦ Guar chingamu itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu monga zomatira matailosi, zodziyimira pawokha pansi, putty osalowa madzi, ndi matope a polima potchingira khoma.
4. Kusinthidwa mchere madzi kusunga thickener
Chowonjezera chosungira madzi chopangidwa ndi mchere wachilengedwe posintha ndi kuphatikiza chagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China. Mchere waukulu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera madzi osungira madzi ndi: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, ndi zina zotero. Mcherewu uli ndi zinthu zina zosungira madzi ndi zowonjezera kupyolera mu kusinthidwa monga othandizira ogwirizanitsa. Mtundu woterewu wosunga madzi womwe umayikidwa pamatope uli ndi izi.
① Itha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito amatope wamba, ndikuthetsa zovuta zakusagwira bwino ntchito kwamatope a simenti, kutsika kwamatope osakanikirana, komanso kusagwira bwino kwamadzi.
② Zogulitsa zamatope zokhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale ndi nyumba zapagulu zitha kupangidwa.
③ Mtengo wazinthu ndi wotsika.
④ Kusungirako madzi ndikotsika kuposa komwe kumapangitsa kuti madzi asungidwe, ndipo mtengo wowuma wa matope okonzedwawo ndiwokulirapo, ndipo kugwirizanako kumachepa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-03-2023